基因總覽
TYROBP 是蛋白質編碼基因,其產物為 transmembrane immune signaling adaptor TYROBP,屬於 TYROBP family。這種接合蛋白位於細胞膜,具有單次跨膜的第一型膜蛋白特徵;其短小的胞質區包含 ITAM。TYROBP 本身與多種免疫細胞表面的活化受體非共價結合,作為受體與細胞內訊號傳遞之間的連接者。不同免疫細胞及受體情境下,TYROBP 參與的反應有所不同,來源亦指出它在部分細胞中具有抑制作用。
基因異名與舊稱
異名取自 HGNC,可能包含歷史名稱;蛋白質名稱以 UniProt 註解為準。
染色體位置與基因結構
查看實際轉錄本與 exon 註解
| Transcript | Genomic coordinates | Exons |
|---|---|---|
| ENST00000262629 ★ | 35,904,403–35,908,295 | 5 |
| ENST00000424586 | 35,904,398–35,908,317 | 4 |
| ENST00000585901 | 35,904,398–35,908,317 | 5 |
| ENST00000544690 | 35,904,398–35,908,317 | 4 |
| ENST00000589517 | 35,904,398–35,908,317 | 5 |
| ENST00000895009 | 35,904,398–35,908,318 | 4 |
| ENST00000956529 | 35,904,398–35,908,317 | 6 |
| ENST00000956530 | 35,904,398–35,908,317 | 5 |
| ENST00001102813 | 35,904,398–35,908,318 | 5 |
| ENST00001102815 | 35,904,398–35,908,318 | 4 |
| ENST00001102818 | 35,904,398–35,908,302 | 5 |
| ENST00001139044 | 35,904,398–35,908,317 | 5 |
顯示 12/18 個蛋白質編碼轉錄本;canonical 優先。
帶型與著絲點依 Ensembl 座標繪製;核染色體長度以 GRCh38 第 1 號染色體為共同尺度。黃色標記表示本基因位置,細小區間加粗以利辨識;實際基因長度與 exon 見下方資料。
分子功能與生物學過程
TYROBP 的主要角色是協助多種免疫細胞表面的活化受體傳遞訊號。受體與配體結合後,TYROBP 的 ITAM 會發生酪胺酸磷酸化,進而促使其他酪胺酸激酶活化並帶動細胞反應。它與 CD300 family 的活化受體結合可介導細胞活化;與 CLEC5A/MDL1、整合素及 SIRPB1 等受體或分子協同時,也參與髓系細胞或嗜中性球的活化。部分受體關係則是依相似性推定,例如 CD200R family 的相關作用及整合素介導的嗜中性球活化需求。
在自然殺手細胞中,TYROBP 與 KIR2DS2、KLRD1/KLRC2 等受體協同,促進細胞活化;它也能提高 KIR2DS1、KIR2DS2 與 KIR2DS4 的運輸、細胞表面表現及表面穩定性。於單核球與嗜中性球,TYROBP 分別透過 SIRPB1 與 TREM1 參與活化。單核球來源的樹突細胞中,它與 TREM2 協同,促進 CCR7 上調、樹突細胞成熟與存活;TREM2 相關作用亦參與細胞激素誘導的巨噬細胞融合,以及穩定 TREM2 胞外區脫落後形成的 C 端片段,後者可抑制促發炎細胞激素釋放。
在小膠質細胞中,TYROBP 與 TREM2 共同參與凋亡神經元的吞噬;它也與 ITGAM/CD11B 一同調節超氧離子生成,而這些離子會促進腦部發育期間的神經元凋亡。神經受傷後,TYROBP 可促進小膠質細胞的促發炎反應,並加速受損神經元退化。另一方面,在肝臟樹突細胞中,它正向調節 IRAK3/IRAK-M 表現及 IL10 生成,並抑制這些細胞刺激 T 細胞的能力;在部分細胞中,TYROBP 也抑制 B 細胞增殖。骨骼相關作用包括參與 CSF1 介導的破骨細胞細胞骨架組織,並促進破骨細胞發育期間的多核化。
Promoter 與基因調控
>TYROBP ENST00000262629 GRCh38 chr19:35908195-35909295 strand=-1 5′→3′ 相對 TSS:-1000 到 +100 bp;1101 bp 依轉錄本 TSS 擷取的基因組序列;TSS = 0,兩端包含,未驗證為 promoter TACTCTCACCTTTCTCAGCTTTGCCGCTGTTTTCTCCTTCCCCATCTTTCATCTTTGTTTTTCCCCCTGA CTCTTCCCTAGTCAAAAACCTGATTTTGGGTCTTGGGTTCCATTTCCACCTTGATTTGCTGTGCAGCCTT AGGCAAGCGTCTCTACCTCTCTGAACAATGGGGATGATAAGAGCATGTGCCCTAGAAGGGCATTGCGGGG ACTGAATGATTTAACGCTTGGGACAGAGTGCCTGCATGTCATTAGTGCCCACATGCTGCTGGCTCTTTTA ATATCCTTTAAACAGCACAAGTTTCTGATGATTAAATAATCATCATCATAGCTGATGCTTTTAAAAAGCT GACAAGGGTCAGACCCTGGTCTAGGAACTTTAATTCATTTAATCCCCACAACTCTAAAAAGTAGGTCCCA TTTTACTCCCAATTTTACAGATGAAGAAACTGAGGTTGGAGCTGGGTGCGGTGGCTCACACTTGCAATCC TAGCACTTCGGGAGGCCAAGGTGGGTGGATCACCTGAGGTCAGGAGTTTGAGACCAGCTGGCCAACATGG TGAAACCCTGTCTCTACTAAAAAAAAAAGAAAAAAAAATACAAAAAATTAGCCGGGCATGGTGGCAGGCG CCTATAATCCCAGCTACTTGGGAGGCTGAGGCAGGAGAATCACTTGAACCCGGGAGGCAGAGGTTGCAGT GAGCCGAGACCGTGCCATTGCACTCAAGGTTGACCAGCCAGGAAGAGGCAGAGCTGGTTTCAATCAGCCA GAGGAAGGTCATGACACTGACCCTCCTGTTAAAACGATGTCTGACCCCTGACTGGGGACGGAGGTGAAGT TTGTGCTTCACGTACCCTTTGCCCTTCACGTCTAGTTGCTGGGGGCCTGTGGCATGGCCCCTGGGTGTCT GGGCCTGATTCTTTCTTGGGTTTTGTTTCTGTCTCTCCTCCCCTGTCTCCTCCTCCCTTCTGCCACCACC CGCCTCAGACTTCCTCCTTCACTTGCCTGGACGCTGCGCCACATCCCACCGGCCCTTACACTGTGGTGTC CAGCAGCATCCGGCTTCATGGGGGGACTTGAACCCTGCAGCAGGCTCCTGC
EPDnew 實驗支持 promoter/TSS · 1 筆
| EPDnew ID | TSS(1-based) | 股向 | 來源顯示區間 |
|---|---|---|---|
| TYROBP_1 ↗ | 19:35,908,295 | 負股 | 35,908,285–35,908,344 |
EPDnew human v006 · UCSC hg38,GRCh38/hg38,透過 UCSC 取得。TSS 具有 CAGE/RAMPAGE 等實驗資料支持;任意擷取的上下游區間仍需另行判讀調控功能,不能視為整段皆經功能驗證。
EPD 封存狀態 ↗ · UCSC 資料說明 ↗ · EPD team, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; UCSC Genome Browser · CC BY 4.0
查看已取得的調控/motif 註解
ENSR19_5BG2DR · CTCF_binding_site · 35904112–35904133 · regulatory
ENSR19_9J8R5 · enhancer · 35904680–35905003 · regulatory
ENSR19_9J8S6 · promoter · 35908237–35908549 · regulatory
ENSR19_9J8SD · enhancer · 35909056–35909359 · regulatory
ENSR19_9J8SH · promoter · 35909360–35909860 · regulatory
ENSR19_833HP3 · enhancer · 35911254–35911489 · regulatory
ENSR19_5BG3MD · CTCF_binding_site · 35911373–35911394 · regulatory
ENSR19_9J8T8 · enhancer · 35911917–35912216 · regulatory
· motif · 35903672–35903685 · motif
· motif · 35903780–35903789 · motif
· motif · 35903852–35903865 · motif
· motif · 35903873–35903884 · motif
· motif · 35903873–35903884 · motif
· motif · 35903877–35903890 · motif
· motif · 35903942–35903955 · motif
· motif · 35903942–35903955 · motif
· motif · 35904058–35904071 · motif
· motif · 35904058–35904071 · motif
· motif · 35904114–35904130 · motif
· motif · 35904175–35904188 · motif
· motif · 35904182–35904195 · motif
· motif · 35904185–35904197 · motif
· motif · 35904188–35904203 · motif
· motif · 35904208–35904223 · motif
· motif · 35904542–35904553 · motif
· motif · 35904614–35904627 · motif
· motif · 35904617–35904629 · motif
· motif · 35905307–35905319 · motif
· motif · 35905685–35905697 · motif
· motif · 35906818–35906830 · motif
· motif · 35906897–35906908 · motif
· motif · 35906935–35906950 · motif
· motif · 35906940–35906952 · motif
· motif · 35906943–35906950 · motif
· motif · 35907018–35907030 · motif
· motif · 35907208–35907220 · motif
· motif · 35907589–35907601 · motif
· motif · 35907591–35907598 · motif
· motif · 35907601–35907608 · motif
· motif · 35907633–35907640 · motif
· motif · 35908430–35908443 · motif
· motif · 35908476–35908488 · motif
· motif · 35908478–35908485 · motif
· motif · 35908755–35908770 · motif
· motif · 35908760–35908772 · motif
· motif · 35908763–35908770 · motif
· motif · 35909248–35909261 · motif
· motif · 35909363–35909376 · motif
· motif · 35909365–35909376 · motif
· motif · 35909365–35909376 · motif
· motif · 35909387–35909400 · motif
· motif · 35909665–35909682 · motif
· motif · 35909899–35909908 · motif
· motif · 35910113–35910128 · motif
· motif · 35910119–35910131 · motif
· motif · 35910121–35910128 · motif
· motif · 35910121–35910136 · motif
· motif · 35911375–35911391 · motif
· motif · 35911451–35911468 · motif
蛋白質結構域與序列
參考蛋白質長度:113 aa
TYROBP 蛋白長 113 個胺基酸,N 端含訊號胜肽;胞外區位於第 22–40 位,單次螺旋跨膜區為第 41–61 位,胞質區為第 62–113 位。胞質區含 ITAM(第 80–108 位),第 75–113 位另註記為無序區。此蛋白屬於 TYROBP family。
蛋白質三維結構
細胞內定位
TYROBP 是位於細胞膜的單次跨膜第一型膜蛋白。 現有定位資料未提供不同細胞條件下的定位變化或異構型差異。
深綠色圓點:來源記載的蛋白質定位;數量不表示含量。
動物細胞結構示意;器官大小與數量不按比例。點選細胞構造可查看定位註解。
交互作用與訊號網絡
拖曳節點後放開可帶動位置變化;點選夥伴查看證據。位置與連線長度不代表結合強度,圖中未推定夥伴彼此之間的關係。
更多交互作用夥伴 · 已取得 6 個夥伴
- KIR2DS5Q14953 · UniProt INTERACTION · 3 experiments
- NCR2O95944 · UniProt INTERACTION · 2 experiments
- SIRPB1O00241 · UniProt INTERACTION · 4 experiments
- SLC35B4Q969S0 · UniProt INTERACTION · 3 experiments
- TMEM86AQ8N2M4 · UniProt INTERACTION · 3 experiments
- TREM2Q9NZC2 · UniProt INTERACTION · 4 experiments
TYROBP 可形成以雙硫鍵連結的同源二聚體、三聚體與四聚體;當可用的夥伴受體較少時,三聚體與四聚體較易形成,並會與受體組裝競爭。這些寡聚體可能是替代組裝狀態,也可能是受體組裝中間體;金屬陽離子可由寡聚體亞基配位,協助同源寡聚化。TYROBP 另與 TREM1、TREM2、SIRPB1、CLECSF5、SIGLEC14、CD300 family 成員及多種自然殺手細胞受體有交互作用。它透過 ITAM 與 SYK 的 SH2 domains 結合;此互作與嗜中性球及巨噬細胞的整合素介導活化相關。
疾病與遺傳關聯
TYROBP 變異與多囊性脂膜骨發育不良合併硬化性白質腦病 1(PLOSL1)相關;來源指出此病由影響該基因的變異造成,並以隱性方式遺傳。患者通常在二十多歲出現腕部或踝部囊腫造成的疼痛與腫脹,也可能因輕微外力發生肢體骨折;約三十歲起可逐漸出現失智及多種神經精神症狀,病程通常在第五個十年導致死亡。
Contextual Functional Evidence Matrix
矩陣以「功能主張」為列,以細胞情境、干預條件、量測結果與證據來源為欄,方便比較同一功能在不同條件下的支持情形。只有含情境與實驗資訊的紀錄會列入矩陣;一般功能註解另列於下方。
功能註解總覽 · 4 筆
| 功能面向 | 功能敘述 | 證據類型 | 可查核來源 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 功能 | TYROBP 與多種免疫細胞活化受體非共價結合;配體結合後,其 ITAM 酪胺酸磷酸化並促進下游激酶活化。它參與髓系細胞、自然殺手細胞、小膠質細胞及破骨細胞等多種反應,也在部分情境下具有抑制作用;若干作用依相似性推定。 | 含實驗來源 | 證據與來源Adapter protein which non-covalently associates with activating receptors found on the surface of a variety of immune cells to mediate signaling and cell activation following ligand binding by the receptors. TYROBP is tyrosine-phosphorylated in the ITAM domain following ligand binding by the associated receptors which leads to activation of additional tyrosine kinases and subsequent cell activation. Also has an inhibitory role in some cells. Non-covalently associates with activating receptors of the CD300 family to mediate cell activation. Also mediates cell activation through association with activating receptors of the CD200R family (By similarity). Required for neutrophil activation mediated by integrin (By similarity). Required for the activation of myeloid cells mediated by the CLEC5A/MDL1 receptor. Associates with natural killer (NK) cell receptors such as KIR2DS2 and the KLRD1/KLRC2 heterodimer to mediate NK cell activation. Also enhances trafficking and cell surface expression of NK cell receptors KIR2DS1, KIR2DS2 and KIR2DS4 and ensures their stability at the cell surface. Associates with SIRPB1 to mediate activation of myeloid cells such as monocytes and dendritic cells. Associates with TREM1 to mediate activation of neutrophils and monocytes. Associates with TREM2 on monocyte-derived dendritic cells to mediate up-regulation of chemokine receptor CCR7 and dendritic cell maturation and survival. Association with TREM2 mediates cytokine-induced formation of multinucleated giant cells which are formed by the fusion of macrophages. Stabilizes the TREM2 C-terminal fragment (TREM2-CTF) produced by TREM2 ectodomain shedding which suppresses the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In microglia, required with TREM2 for phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons (By similarity). Required with ITGAM/CD11B in microglia to control production of microglial superoxide ions which promote the neuronal apoptosis that occurs during brain development (By similarity). Promotes pro-inflammatory responses in microglia following nerve injury which accelerates degeneration of injured neurons (By similarity). Positively regulates the expression of the IRAK3/IRAK-M kinase and IL10 production by liver dendritic cells and inhibits their T cell allostimulatory ability (By similarity). Negatively regulates B cell proliferation. Required for CSF1-mediated osteoclast cytoskeletal organization (By similarity). Positively regulates multinucleation during osteoclast development (By similarity) PMID 10449773 ↗ · PMID 10604985 ↗ · PMID 10799849 ↗ · PMID 11602640 ↗ · PMID 15557162 ↗ · PMID 16920917 ↗ · PMID 17928527 ↗ · PMID 18957693 ↗ · PMID 21727189 ↗ · PMID 23715743 ↗ · PMID 25957402 ↗ · PMID 26221034 ↗ · PMID 9490415 ↗ · PMID 9655483 ↗ |
| 交互作用 | TYROBP 可形成雙硫鍵連結的同源二聚體、三聚體及四聚體;夥伴受體較少時三聚體與四聚體形成,且與受體組裝競爭。這些型態可能是替代寡聚狀態或組裝中間體,金屬陽離子配位可協助同源寡聚化;另與多種受體及 SYK 交互作用。 | 含實驗來源 | 證據與來源Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Homotrimer; disulfide-linked. Homotetramer; disulfide-linked. Homotrimers and homotetramers form when low levels of partner receptors are available and are competitive with assembly with interacting receptors. They may represent alternative oligomerization states or may be intermediates in the receptor assembly process. Binding of a metal cation aids in homooligomerization through coordination of the metal ion by the subunits of the oligomer. Interacts with TREM1. Interacts with TREM2. Interacts with SIRPB1. Interacts with CLECSF5. Interacts with SIGLEC14. Interacts with CD300LB and CD300E. Interacts with CD300C2 (By similarity). Interacts (via ITAM domain) with SYK (via SH2 domains); activates SYK mediating neutrophil and macrophage integrin-mediated activation (By similarity). Interacts with KLRC2, KIR2DS3 and KIR2DS5. Interacts with CD300H. Interacts with KIR2DS1. Interacts with KLRD1. Interacts with SIGLEC1 PMID 10449773 ↗ · PMID 10604985 ↗ · PMID 10799849 ↗ · PMID 11602640 ↗ · PMID 15557162 ↗ · PMID 16920917 ↗ · PMID 17012248 ↗ · PMID 17928527 ↗ · PMID 18624290 ↗ · PMID 20890284 ↗ · PMID 23715743 ↗ · PMID 25957402 ↗ · PMID 25981043 ↗ · PMID 26221034 ↗ · PMID 26358190 ↗ · PMID 9655483 ↗ |
| 細胞定位 | TYROBP 位於細胞膜,屬於單次跨膜第一型膜蛋白。 | 含實驗來源 | |
| 疾病關聯 | 影響 TYROBP 的變異會造成隱性遺傳的 PLOSL1,患者可有骨囊腫、疼痛腫脹與骨折,並逐步出現失智及神經精神症狀;病程通常在第五個十年導致死亡。 | 含實驗來源 | 證據與來源Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy 1 PLOSL1 A recessively inherited disease characterized by presenile dementia along with large-scale destruction of cancellous bones. Initial symptoms, starting in the twenties, are pain and swelling resulting from cysts in the wrists and ankles. Extremity bone fractures could occur with minor trauma. At around 30 years of age, patients gradually develop neuropsychiatric symptoms, including epileptic seizures, agnosia, apraxia, speech disorder, memory disturbance, euphoria, and loss of social inhibitions. The disorder usually leads to death in the fifth decade of life. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry MIM: 221770 PMID 10888890 ↗ · PMID 12370476 ↗ |
核酸與蛋白質序列
ACTTGCCTGGACGCTGCGCCACATCCCACCGGCCCTTACA40CTGTGGTGTCCAGCAGCATCCGGCTTCATGGGGGGACTTG80AACCCTGCAGCAGGCTCCTGCTCCTGCCTCTCCTGCTGGC120TGTAAGTGGTCTCCGTCCTGTCCAGGCCCAGGCCCAGAGC160GATTGCAGTTGCTCTACGGTGAGCCCGGGCGTGCTGGCAG200GGATCGTGATGGGAGACCTGGTGCTGACAGTGCTCATTGC240CCTGGCCGTGTACTTCCTGGGCCGGCTGGTCCCTCGGGGG280CGAGGGGCTGCGGAGGCAGCGACCCGGAAACAGCGTATCA320CTGAGACCGAGTCGCCTTATCAGGAGCTCCAGGGTCAGAG360GTCGGATGTCTACAGCGACCTCAACACACAGAGGCCGTAT400TACAAATGAGCCCGAATCATGACAGTCAGCAACATGATAC440CTGGATCCAGCCATTCCTGAAGCCCACCCTGCACCTCATT480CCAACTCCTACCGCGATACAGACCCACAGAGTGCCATCCC520TGAGAGACCAGACCGCTCCCCAATACTCTCCTAAAATAAA560CATGAAGCACAAAAA575cDNA 使用 DNA 字母 T;mRNA 模式改以 U 顯示。轉錄本保留已註解的非編碼區,未另外加入 poly(A) 尾;非編碼 RNA 的參考轉錄本也可能仍需後續加工。數字為所選序列的 1-based 位置。長序列以黃色捲軸瀏覽,可複製或下載完整轉錄本與蛋白質;基因組 DNA 隨捲動取得所需範圍。